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Definition 2024

死

死

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

死 (radical 78 歹+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP), four-corner 10212, composition ⿸歹匕 or ⿱一⿰夕匕)

References

  • KangXi: page 578, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16365
  • Dae Jaweon: page 970, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1380, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+6B7B

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 死
alt. forms 𣦸
𣦹
𠒁
𠑾
𦭀

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 死
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bamboo and silk script Large seal script Small seal script

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 歹 + 人.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 死
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 脂 (17)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) Chongniu III
Fanqie 息姊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /sˠiɪX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sᵚiX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /siɪX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /sjiX/
Li
Rong		 /sjiX/
Wang
Li		 /siX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /siX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 sǐ
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 死
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 sǐ
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sijX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*sijʔ/
English die (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 死
Reading # 1/1
No. 12006
Phonetic
component		 死
Rime
group		 脂
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 死
Old
Chinese		 /*hljiʔ/

Definitions

死

  1. to die, death, dead.
    餓死 / 饿死  ―  èsǐ  ―  to die of starvation
    佢兩年前已經死咗。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢两年前已经死咗。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    Keoi5 loeng5 nin4 cin4 ji5 ging1sei2 zo2. [Jyutping]
    He already died two years ago.
    高校學生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, trad.]
    高校学生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, simp.]
    Gāoxiào xuéshēng shítáng chī chū sǐ lǎoshǔ. [Pinyin]
    A dead mouse was found in college cafeteria food.
  2. inactive
    死結 / 死结  ―  sǐjié  ―  encased knot
    死機 / 死机  ―  sǐjī  ―  (of a computer system) to crash
    路被垃圾堵死了。  ―  Lù bèi lājī dǔ sǐ le.  ―  The road is blocked by wastes.
  3. (only in compounds) deadly; fatal; killing
    死刑  ―  sǐxíng  ―  capital punishment
    死戰 / 死战  ―  sǐzhàn  ―  deadly battle
  4. (colloquial) very; bloody; totally
    • 我累死了。  ―  Wǒ lèi sǐ le.  ―  I'm dead tired.
    • 他死鸭子嘴硬。  ―  Tā sǐ yāzǐ zuǐ yìng.  ―  He is pretty stubborn.
    • 嘈死！ [Cantonese]  ―  Cou4sei2! [Jyutping]  ―  You're being really noisy!
  5. (offensive) damned; damn
  6. (slang, offensive) to disappear; to go

Usage notes

  • The adjective 死 ("dead, inactive, etc.") can not be used as a predicative adjective. The sentence *這隻狗死 generally does not mean "This dog is dead". For the meaning "is dead", usually the verb 死 in the perfect aspect ("to have died") is used instead:
    這隻狗死了。 / 这只狗死了。  ―  Zhè zhī gǒu sǐ le.  ―  This dog has died.
  • The verb 死 ("to die") lacks a present meaning and denotes either past (in perfect aspect) or future (not in perfect aspect) events. It can not be modified by the progressive aspect marker 正在 or 着.
    不死  ―  bùsǐ  ―  "will not die", immortal
    没死  ―  mò sǐ  ―  "did not die", alive

Synonyms

  • (to die): 過身／过身 (guòshēn), (Cantonese slang) 瓜 (gwaa1), (Cantonese slang) 釘／钉 (deng1)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

死

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. death
  2. to die

Readings

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
死
し
Grade: 3
on'yomi

Appears to be a conflation of Middle Chinese 死 ‎(sijX) (compare modern Mandarin reading sǐ) with an Old Japanese root that happened to have a similar pronunciation to the Middle Chinese and was probably cognate with 去る ‎(saru, “to go, to go away”).

In kanji compounds, this would be considered as on'yomi; on its own, this could be considered as either on'yomi or kun'yomi.

Pronunciation

Noun

死 ‎(hiragana し, romaji shi)

  1. death
Derived terms

Verb

死する ‎(hiragana しする, romaji shi suru)

  1. to die
    Considered somewhat more archaic or formal than 死ぬ ‎(shinu).
Conjugation

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
死
しに
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

The 連用形 ‎(ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of verb 死ぬ ‎(shinu, “to die”).[1][4]

Pronunciation

Noun

死 ‎(hiragana しに, romaji shini)

  1. death, dying
Derived terms

Prefix

死 ‎(hiragana しに, romaji shini-)

  1. bloody, stupid, goddamn
    Used as a negative or pejorative intensifier.
Derived terms

References

  1. 1 2 3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
  3. ↑ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13143-0
  4. ↑ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja

死 • ‎(sa) (hangeul 사, McCune-Reischauer sa, Yale sa)

  1. die
  2. death

Vietnamese

Han character

死 (tử, long)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

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