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Definition 2025
由
由
Translingual
Han character
由 (radical 102 田+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中田 (LW), four-corner 50600, composition ⿻十囗)
Derived characters
Descendants
References
- KangXi: page 757, character 1
 - Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21724
 - Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 2
 - Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2524, character 2
 - Unihan data for U+7531
 
Chinese
| 
simp. and trad. | 
由 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (由) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 袖 | *ljɯwɢs | 
| 岫 | *ljɯwɢs | 
| 牰 | *ljɯwɢs, *lɯwɢs | 
| 抽 | *l̥ʰɯw | 
| 妯 | *l̥ʰɯw, *l'ɯwɢ | 
| 紬 | *l'ɯw | 
| 怞 | *l'ɯw | 
| 鮋 | *l'ɯw, *ɦljɯw, *lɯw | 
| 菗 | *rlɯw | 
| 宙 | *l'ɯwɢs | 
| 胄 | *l'ɯwɢs | 
| 冑 | *l'ɯwɢs | 
| 伷 | *l'ɯwɢs | 
| 駎 | *l'ɯwɢs | 
| 油 | *lɯw, *lɯwɢs | 
| 由 | *lɯw | 
| 蚰 | *lɯw | 
| 秞 | *lɯw | 
| 邮 | *lɯw | 
| 釉 | *lɯwɢs | 
| 柚 | *lɯwɢs, *l'ɯwɢ | 
| 鼬 | *lɯwɢs | 
| 苖 | *l'ɯːwɢ, *l̥ʰɯwɢ | 
| 笛 | *l'ɯːwɢ | 
| 迪 | *l'ɯːwɢ | 
| 頔 | *l'ɯːwɢ | 
| 軸 | *l'ɯwɢ | 
| 舳 | *l'ɯwɢ | 
Pronunciation
-  Mandarin
-  (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
 - Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ
 - Wade-Giles: yu2
 - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: you
 - IPA (key): /i̯oʊ̯³⁵/
 -  
 
 
 -  (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
 -  Cantonese
-  (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: jau4
 - Yale: yàuh
 - Cantonese Pinyin: jau4
 - IPA (key): /jɐu̯²¹/
 
 
 -  (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
 -  Hakka
-  (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
 - Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ
 - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2
 - IPA: /i̯u¹¹/
 
 -  (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
 - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ
 - Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2
 - IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹/
 
 
 -  (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
 -  Min Nan
-  (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû
 - Tâi-lô: iû
 - Phofsit Daibuun: iuu
 - IPA (Xiamen): /iu²⁴/
 - IPA (Quanzhou): /iu²⁴/
 - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu¹³/
 - IPA (Taipei): /iu²⁴/
 - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu²³/
 
 
 -  (Hokkien)
 
-  Dialectal data▼
 
| Variety | Location | 由 | 
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /iou³⁵/ | 
| Harbin | /iou²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /iou⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /iou⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /iou⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /iou⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /iou²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /iɯ²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /iəu⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /iou⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /iɤu⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /iəu²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /iəu³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /iəu²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /iəu³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /iəɯ²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /iɯ⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /iəu¹¹/ | 
| Pingyao | /iəu¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /iəu³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɦiɤ²³/ | 
| Suzhou | /ɦiɤ¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ɦiø²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /jau³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /iu⁴⁴/ | 
| Tunxi | /iu⁴⁴/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /iəu¹³/ | 
| Xiangtan | /iəɯ¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /i⁴⁵/ | 
| Hakka | Meixian | /iu¹¹/ | 
| Taoyuan | /ʒiu¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jɐu²¹/ | 
| Nanning | /jɐu²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /jɐu²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /iu³⁵/ | 
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /ieu⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /iu²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /iu⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /ziu³¹/ | 
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 由 | 
| Reading # | 1/1 | 
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | 
| Openness (開合) | Open | 
| Division (等) | III | 
| Fanqie | 以周切 | 
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang  | 
/jɨu/ | 
| Pan Wuyun  | 
/jiu/ | 
| Shao Rongfen  | 
/iəu/ | 
| Edwin Pulleyblank  | 
/juw/ | 
| Li Rong  | 
/iu/ | 
| Wang Li  | 
/jĭəu/ | 
| Bernard Karlgren  | 
/i̯ə̯u/ | 
| Expected Mandarin Reflex  | 
yóu | 
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 由 | 
| Reading # | 1/1 | 
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin)  | 
yóu | 
| Middle Chinese  | 
‹ yuw › | 
| Old Chinese  | 
/*l[u]/ | 
| English | follow; from | 
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: 					* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;  | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 由 | 
| Reading # | 1/1 | 
| No. | 15526 | 
| Phonetic component  | 
由 | 
| Rime group  | 
幽 | 
| Rime subdivision  | 
2 | 
| Corresponding MC rime  | 
猷 | 
| Old Chinese  | 
/*lɯw/ | 
Definitions
由
References
- (Hakka) Lau, Chun-fat. Hakka Pinyin Dictionary (Chinese). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1997 (Chinese IME supplement) ISBN 962-201-750-9.
 - (Min Nan) “Entry #1856”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
 
Compounds
Derived terms from 由
  | 
  | 
  | 
Japanese
Kanji
由
Readings
- Goon: ゆ (yu)
 - Kan’on: ゆう (yū), (historical) いう (iu)
 - Kan’yōon: ゆい (yui)
 - Kun: よし (yoshi), よる (由る, yoru), より (由り, yori)
 
Compounds
- 自由 (jiyū): freedom
 - 自由度 (jiyūdo): flexibility
 
Korean
Hanja
由 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune-Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
-  This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text 
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